Python

Cython函数比纯Python需要更多时间

发布于 2021-01-29 15:01:04

我正在尝试加速我的代码，这部分给我带来了问题，

我尝试使用Cython，然后按照此处给出的建议进行操作，但是我的纯python函数的性能优于cython和cython_optimized函数

cython代码如下：

import numpy as np
cimport numpy as np

DTYPE = np.float
ctypedef np.float_t DTYPE_t

cimport cython
@cython.boundscheck(False)
@cython.wraparound(False)

def compute_cython(u, PorosityProfile, DensityIceProfile, DensityDustProfile, DensityProfile):

    DustJ, DustF, DustG, DustH, DustI = 250.0, 633.0, 2.513, -2.2e-3, -2.8e-6   
    IceI, IceC, IceD, IceE, IceF, IceG, IceH =  273.16, 1.843e5, 1.6357e8, 3.5519e9, 1.6670e2,  6.4650e4, 1.6935e6

    delta = u-DustJ
    result_dust = DustF+DustG*delta+DustH*delta**2+DustI*(delta**3);

    x= u/IceI;
    result_ice = (x**3)*(IceC+IceD*(x**2)+IceE*(x**6))/(1+IceF*(x**2)+IceG*(x**4)+IceH*(x**8))

    return (DensityIceProfile*result_ice+DensityDustProfile*result_dust)/DensityProfile


def compute_cythonOptimized(np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=1] u, np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=1] PorosityProfile, np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=1] DensityIceProfile, np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=1] DensityDustProfile, np.ndarray DensityProfile):

    assert u.dtype == DTYPE
    assert PorosityProfile.dtype == DTYPE
    assert DensityIceProfile.dtype == DTYPE
    assert DensityDustProfile.dtype == DTYPE
    assert DensityProfile.dtype == DTYPE

    cdef float DustJ = 250.0
    cdef float DustF = 633.0  
    cdef float DustG = 2.513 
    cdef float DustH = -2.2e-3   
    cdef float DustI = -2.8e-6 
    cdef float IceI =  273.16
    cdef float IceC =  1.843e5 
    cdef float IceD =  1.6357e8 
    cdef float IceE =  3.5519e9 
    cdef float IceF =  1.6670e2 
    cdef float IceG =  6.4650e4
    cdef float IceH =  1.6935e6

    cdef np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=1] delta = u-DustJ
    cdef np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=1] result_dust = DustF+DustG*delta+DustH*delta**2+DustI*(delta**3);

    cdef np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=1] x= u/IceI;
    cdef np.ndarray[DTYPE_t, ndim=1] result_ice = (x**3)*(IceC+IceD*(x**2)+IceE*(x**6))/(1+IceF*(x**2)+IceG*(x**4)+IceH*(x**8))

    return (DensityIceProfile*result_ice+DensityDustProfile*result_dust)/DensityProfile

然后，我运行以下命令：

def compute_python(u, PorosityProfile, DensityIceProfile, DensityDustProfile, DensityProfile):

    DustJ, DustF, DustG, DustH, DustI = 250.0, 633.0, 2.513, -2.2e-3, -2.8e-6   
    IceI, IceC, IceD, IceE, IceF, IceG, IceH =  273.16, 1.843e5, 1.6357e8, 3.5519e9, 1.6670e2,  6.4650e4, 1.6935e6

    delta = u-DustJ
    result_dust = DustF+DustG*delta+DustH*delta**2+DustI*(delta**3);

    x= u/IceI;
    result_ice = (x**3)*(IceC+IceD*(x**2)+IceE*(x**6))/(1+IceF*(x**2)+IceG*(x**4)+IceH*(x**8))

    return (DensityIceProfile*result_ice+DensityDustProfile*result_dust)/DensityProfile

import sublimation
import numpy as np

%timeit compute_python(np.random.rand(100),np.random.rand(100),np.random.rand(100),np.random.rand(100),np.random.rand(100))

%timeit compute_cython(np.random.rand(100),np.random.rand(100),np.random.rand(100),np.random.rand(100),np.random.rand(100))

%timeit compute_cythonOptimized(np.random.rand(100),np.random.rand(100),np.random.rand(100),np.random.rand(100),np.random.rand(100))

结果如下：

对于纯python： 68.9 µs ± 851 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)

对于非优化的cython： 68.2 µs ± 685 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)

对于优化的： 72.7 µs ± 416 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10000 loops each)

我究竟做错了什么？

谢谢你的帮助，

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1 个回答

面试哥 2021-01-29

为面试而生，有面试问题，就找面试哥。

使用Numba的解决方案

使用Cython，CodeSurgeon已经给出了很好的答案。在这个答案中，我不想展示使用Numba的另一种方法。

我创建了三个版本。在naive_numba我只添加了一个功能装饰。在improved_Numba我手动组合的循环中（每个矢量化命令实际上都是一个循环）。在improved_Numba_p我已经并行化了功能。请注意，使用并行加速器时，显然存在一个错误，不允许定义常量值。还应注意，并行化版本仅对较大的输入阵列有利。但是，您还可以添加一个小的包装器，该包装器根据输入数组的大小调用单线程或并行化版本。

代码dtype = float64

import numba as nb
import numpy as np
import time



@nb.njit(fastmath=True)
def naive_Numba(u, PorosityProfile, DensityIceProfile, DensityDustProfile, DensityProfile):
  DustJ, DustF, DustG, DustH, DustI = 250.0, 633.0, 2.513, -2.2e-3, -2.8e-6   
  IceI, IceC, IceD, IceE, IceF, IceG, IceH =  273.16, 1.843e5, 1.6357e8, 3.5519e9, 1.6670e2,  6.4650e4, 1.6935e6

  delta = u-DustJ
  result_dust = DustF+DustG*delta+DustH*delta**2+DustI*(delta**3);

  x= u/IceI;
  result_ice = (x**3)*(IceC+IceD*(x**2)+IceE*(x**6))/(1+IceF*(x**2)+IceG*(x**4)+IceH*(x**8))

  return (DensityIceProfile*result_ice+DensityDustProfile*result_dust)/DensityProfile

#error_model='numpy' sets divison by 0 to NaN instead of throwing a exception, this allows vectorization
@nb.njit(fastmath=True,error_model='numpy')
def improved_Numba(u, PorosityProfile, DensityIceProfile, DensityDustProfile, DensityProfile):
  DustJ, DustF, DustG, DustH, DustI = 250.0, 633.0, 2.513, -2.2e-3, -2.8e-6   
  IceI, IceC, IceD, IceE, IceF, IceG, IceH =  273.16, 1.843e5, 1.6357e8, 3.5519e9, 1.6670e2,  6.4650e4, 1.6935e6
  res=np.empty(u.shape[0],dtype=u.dtype)

  for i in range(u.shape[0]):
    delta = u[i]-DustJ
    result_dust = DustF+DustG*delta+DustH*delta**2+DustI*(delta**3);

    x= u[i]/IceI
    result_ice = (x**3)*(IceC+IceD*(x**2)+IceE*(x**6))/(1+IceF*(x**2)+IceG*(x**4)+IceH*(x**8))

    res[i]=(DensityIceProfile[i]*result_ice+DensityDustProfile[i]*result_dust)/DensityProfile[i]

  return res

#there is obviously a bug in Numba (declaring const values in the function)
@nb.njit(fastmath=True,parallel=True,error_model='numpy')
def improved_Numba_p(u, PorosityProfile, DensityIceProfile, DensityDustProfile, DensityProfile,DustJ, DustF, DustG, DustH, DustI,IceI, IceC, IceD, IceE, IceF, IceG, IceH):
  res=np.empty((u.shape[0]),dtype=u.dtype)

  for i in nb.prange(u.shape[0]):
    delta = u[i]-DustJ
    result_dust = DustF+DustG*delta+DustH*delta**2+DustI*(delta**3);

    x= u[i]/IceI
    result_ice = (x**3)*(IceC+IceD*(x**2)+IceE*(x**6))/(1+IceF*(x**2)+IceG*(x**4)+IceH*(x**8))

    res[i]=(DensityIceProfile[i]*result_ice+DensityDustProfile[i]*result_dust)/DensityProfile[i]

  return res

u=np.array(np.random.rand(1000000),dtype=np.float32)
PorosityProfile=np.array(np.random.rand(1000000),dtype=np.float32)
DensityIceProfile=np.array(np.random.rand(1000000),dtype=np.float32)
DensityDustProfile=np.array(np.random.rand(1000000),dtype=np.float32)
DensityProfile=np.array(np.random.rand(1000000),dtype=np.float32)
DustJ, DustF, DustG, DustH, DustI = 250.0, 633.0, 2.513, -2.2e-3, -2.8e-6
IceI, IceC, IceD, IceE, IceF, IceG, IceH =  273.16, 1.843e5, 1.6357e8, 3.5519e9, 1.6670e2,  6.4650e4, 1.6935e6

#don't measure compilation overhead on first call
res=improved_Numba_p(u, PorosityProfile, DensityIceProfile, DensityDustProfile, DensityProfile,DustJ, DustF, DustG, DustH, DustI,IceI, IceC, IceD, IceE, IceF, IceG, IceH) 
for i in range(1000):
  res=improved_Numba_p(u, PorosityProfile, DensityIceProfile, DensityDustProfile, DensityProfile,DustJ, DustF, DustG, DustH, DustI,IceI, IceC, IceD, IceE, IceF, IceG, IceH)

print(time.time()-t1)
print(time.time()-t1)

性能

Arraysize np.random.rand(100)
Numpy             46.8µs
naive Numba       3.1µs
improved Numba:   1.62µs
improved_Numba_p: 17.45µs


#Arraysize np.random.rand(1000000)
Numpy             255.8ms
naive Numba       18.6ms
improved Numba:   6.13ms
improved_Numba_p: 3.54ms

代码dtype = np.float32

如果np.float32足够，则必须在函数中显式声明所有常量值给float32。否则，Numba将使用float64。

@nb.njit(fastmath=True,error_model='numpy')
def improved_Numba(u, PorosityProfile, DensityIceProfile, DensityDustProfile, DensityProfile):
  DustJ, DustF, DustG, DustH, DustI = nb.float32(250.0), nb.float32(633.0), nb.float32(2.513), nb.float32(-2.2e-3), nb.float32(-2.8e-6)
  IceI, IceC, IceD, IceE, IceF, IceG, IceH =  nb.float32(273.16), nb.float32(1.843e5), nb.float32(1.6357e8), nb.float32(3.5519e9), nb.float32(1.6670e2),  nb.float32(6.4650e4), nb.float32(1.6935e6)
  res=np.empty(u.shape[0],dtype=u.dtype)

  for i in range(u.shape[0]):
    delta = u[i]-DustJ
    result_dust = DustF+DustG*delta+DustH*delta**2+DustI*(delta**3)

    x= u[i]/IceI
    result_ice = (x**3)*(IceC+IceD*(x**2)+IceE*(x**6))/(nb.float32(1)+IceF*(x**2)+IceG*(x**4)+IceH*(x**8))

    res[i]=(DensityIceProfile[i]*result_ice+DensityDustProfile[i]*result_dust)/DensityProfile[i]

  return res

@nb.njit(fastmath=True,parallel=True,error_model='numpy')
def improved_Numba_p(u, PorosityProfile, DensityIceProfile, DensityDustProfile, DensityProfile):
  res=np.empty((u.shape[0]),dtype=u.dtype)
  DustJ, DustF, DustG, DustH, DustI = nb.float32(250.0), nb.float32(633.0), nb.float32(2.513), nb.float32(-2.2e-3), nb.float32(-2.8e-6)
  IceI, IceC, IceD, IceE, IceF, IceG, IceH =  nb.float32(273.16), nb.float32(1.843e5), nb.float32(1.6357e8), nb.float32(3.5519e9), nb.float32(1.6670e2),  nb.float32(6.4650e4), nb.float32(1.6935e6)

  for i in nb.prange(u.shape[0]):
    delta = u[i]-DustJ
    result_dust = DustF+DustG*delta+DustH*delta**2+DustI*(delta**3)

    x= u[i]/IceI
    result_ice = (x**3)*(IceC+IceD*(x**2)+IceE*(x**6))/(nb.float32(1)+IceF*(x**2)+IceG*(x**4)+IceH*(x**8))

    res[i]=(DensityIceProfile[i]*result_ice+DensityDustProfile[i]*result_dust)/DensityProfile[i]

  return res

性能

Arraysize np.random.rand(100).astype(np.float32)
Numpy             29.3µs
improved Numba:   1.33µs
improved_Numba_p: 18µs


Arraysize np.random.rand(1000000).astype(np.float32)
Numpy             117ms
improved Numba:   2.46ms
improved_Numba_p: 1.56ms

与@CodeSurgeon提供的Cython版本的比较并不十分公平，因为他没有使用启用的AVX2和FMA3指令编译该功能。Numba默认使用-march =
native进行编译，这会在我的Core i7-4xxx上启用AVX2和FMA3指令。

但是，如果您不希望分发已编译的Cython版本的代码，就会产生这种感觉，因为如果启用了该优化功能，默认情况下，它将不会在Haswell之前的处理器（或所有Pentium和Celerons）上运行。应该可以编译多个代码路径，但这是编译器的依赖和更多的工作。

知识点

Python

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