python类acosh()的实例源码

generator.py 文件源码 项目:duct 作者: ducted 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 30 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def get(self):
        self.x += self.config.get('dx', 0.1)

        val = eval(self.config.get('function', 'sin(x)'), {
            'sin': math.sin,
            'sinh': math.sinh,
            'cos': math.cos,
            'cosh': math.cosh,
            'tan': math.tan,
            'tanh': math.tanh,
            'asin': math.asin,
            'acos': math.acos,
            'atan': math.atan,
            'asinh': math.asinh,
            'acosh': math.acosh,
            'atanh': math.atanh,
            'log': math.log,
            'abs': abs,
            'e': math.e,
            'pi': math.pi,
            'x': self.x
        })

        return self.createEvent('ok', 'Sine wave', val)
diff_bulk.py 文件源码 项目:nanopores 作者: mitschabaude 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 20 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def Cn(l):
    alpha = acosh(l/r)
    s = 0.
    for n in range(1, 100):
        n = float(n)
        K = n*(n+1)/(2*n-1)/(2*n+3)
        s += K*((2*sinh((2*n+1)*alpha)+(2*n+1)*sinh(2*alpha))/(4*(sinh((n+.5)*alpha))**2-(2*n+1)**2*(sinh(alpha))**2) - 1)
    return 1./((4./3.)*sinh(alpha)*s)
reciprocal.py 文件源码 项目:PyGLM 作者: Zuzu-Typ 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 19 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def asech(x):
    if type(x) in dtypes:
        return math.acosh(1. / x)

    return functor1(asech, x)
test_socket.py 文件源码 项目:zippy 作者: securesystemslab 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 22 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def check_sendall_interrupted(self, with_timeout):
        # socketpair() is not stricly required, but it makes things easier.
        if not hasattr(signal, 'alarm') or not hasattr(socket, 'socketpair'):
            self.skipTest("signal.alarm and socket.socketpair required for this test")
        # Our signal handlers clobber the C errno by calling a math function
        # with an invalid domain value.
        def ok_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        def raising_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
            1 // 0
        c, s = socket.socketpair()
        old_alarm = signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, raising_handler)
        try:
            if with_timeout:
                # Just above the one second minimum for signal.alarm
                c.settimeout(1.5)
            with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
                signal.alarm(1)
                c.sendall(b"x" * (1024**2))
            if with_timeout:
                signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, ok_handler)
                signal.alarm(1)
                self.assertRaises(socket.timeout, c.sendall, b"x" * (1024**2))
        finally:
            signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, old_alarm)
            c.close()
            s.close()
test_math.py 文件源码 项目:zippy 作者: securesystemslab 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 21 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def testAcosh(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.acosh)
        self.ftest('acosh(1)', math.acosh(1), 0)
        self.ftest('acosh(2)', math.acosh(2), 1.3169578969248168)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, -1)
        self.assertEqual(math.acosh(INF), INF)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, NINF)
        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.acosh(NAN)))
test_socket.py 文件源码 项目:oil 作者: oilshell 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 22 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def check_sendall_interrupted(self, with_timeout):
        # socketpair() is not strictly required, but it makes things easier.
        if not hasattr(signal, 'alarm') or not hasattr(socket, 'socketpair'):
            self.skipTest("signal.alarm and socket.socketpair required for this test")
        # Our signal handlers clobber the C errno by calling a math function
        # with an invalid domain value.
        def ok_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        def raising_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
            1 // 0
        c, s = socket.socketpair()
        old_alarm = signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, raising_handler)
        try:
            if with_timeout:
                # Just above the one second minimum for signal.alarm
                c.settimeout(1.5)
            with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
                signal.alarm(1)
                c.sendall(b"x" * test_support.SOCK_MAX_SIZE)
            if with_timeout:
                signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, ok_handler)
                signal.alarm(1)
                self.assertRaises(socket.timeout, c.sendall,
                                  b"x" * test_support.SOCK_MAX_SIZE)
        finally:
            signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, old_alarm)
            c.close()
            s.close()
test_math.py 文件源码 项目:oil 作者: oilshell 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 23 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def testAcosh(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.acosh)
        self.ftest('acosh(1)', math.acosh(1), 0)
        self.ftest('acosh(2)', math.acosh(2), 1.3169578969248168)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, -1)
        self.assertEqual(math.acosh(INF), INF)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, NINF)
        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.acosh(NAN)))
test_socket.py 文件源码 项目:python2-tracer 作者: extremecoders-re 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 21 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def check_sendall_interrupted(self, with_timeout):
        # socketpair() is not strictly required, but it makes things easier.
        if not hasattr(signal, 'alarm') or not hasattr(socket, 'socketpair'):
            self.skipTest("signal.alarm and socket.socketpair required for this test")
        # Our signal handlers clobber the C errno by calling a math function
        # with an invalid domain value.
        def ok_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        def raising_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
            1 // 0
        c, s = socket.socketpair()
        old_alarm = signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, raising_handler)
        try:
            if with_timeout:
                # Just above the one second minimum for signal.alarm
                c.settimeout(1.5)
            with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
                signal.alarm(1)
                c.sendall(b"x" * test_support.SOCK_MAX_SIZE)
            if with_timeout:
                signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, ok_handler)
                signal.alarm(1)
                self.assertRaises(socket.timeout, c.sendall,
                                  b"x" * test_support.SOCK_MAX_SIZE)
        finally:
            signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, old_alarm)
            c.close()
            s.close()
test_math.py 文件源码 项目:python2-tracer 作者: extremecoders-re 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 23 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def testAcosh(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.acosh)
        self.ftest('acosh(1)', math.acosh(1), 0)
        self.ftest('acosh(2)', math.acosh(2), 1.3169578969248168)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, -1)
        self.assertEqual(math.acosh(INF), INF)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, NINF)
        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.acosh(NAN)))
test_socket.py 文件源码 项目:web_ctp 作者: molebot 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 20 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def check_sendall_interrupted(self, with_timeout):
        # socketpair() is not stricly required, but it makes things easier.
        if not hasattr(signal, 'alarm') or not hasattr(socket, 'socketpair'):
            self.skipTest("signal.alarm and socket.socketpair required for this test")
        # Our signal handlers clobber the C errno by calling a math function
        # with an invalid domain value.
        def ok_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        def raising_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
            1 // 0
        c, s = socket.socketpair()
        old_alarm = signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, raising_handler)
        try:
            if with_timeout:
                # Just above the one second minimum for signal.alarm
                c.settimeout(1.5)
            with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
                signal.alarm(1)
                c.sendall(b"x" * support.SOCK_MAX_SIZE)
            if with_timeout:
                signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, ok_handler)
                signal.alarm(1)
                self.assertRaises(socket.timeout, c.sendall,
                                  b"x" * support.SOCK_MAX_SIZE)
        finally:
            signal.alarm(0)
            signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, old_alarm)
            c.close()
            s.close()
test_math.py 文件源码 项目:web_ctp 作者: molebot 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 21 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def testAcosh(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.acosh)
        self.ftest('acosh(1)', math.acosh(1), 0)
        self.ftest('acosh(2)', math.acosh(2), 1.3169578969248168)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, -1)
        self.assertEqual(math.acosh(INF), INF)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, NINF)
        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.acosh(NAN)))
sugar.py 文件源码 项目:hyper-engine 作者: maxim5 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 23 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def acosh(node): return merge([node], math.acosh)
test_socket.py 文件源码 项目:pefile.pypy 作者: cloudtracer 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 20 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def check_sendall_interrupted(self, with_timeout):
        # socketpair() is not stricly required, but it makes things easier.
        if not hasattr(signal, 'alarm') or not hasattr(socket, 'socketpair'):
            self.skipTest("signal.alarm and socket.socketpair required for this test")
        # Our signal handlers clobber the C errno by calling a math function
        # with an invalid domain value.
        def ok_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        def raising_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
            1 // 0
        c, s = socket.socketpair()
        old_alarm = signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, raising_handler)
        try:
            if with_timeout:
                # Just above the one second minimum for signal.alarm
                c.settimeout(1.5)
            with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
                signal.alarm(1)
                c.sendall(b"x" * test_support.SOCK_MAX_SIZE)
            if with_timeout:
                signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, ok_handler)
                signal.alarm(1)
                self.assertRaises(socket.timeout, c.sendall,
                                  b"x" * test_support.SOCK_MAX_SIZE)
        finally:
            signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, old_alarm)
            c.close()
            s.close()
test_math.py 文件源码 项目:pefile.pypy 作者: cloudtracer 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 23 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def testAcosh(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.acosh)
        self.ftest('acosh(1)', math.acosh(1), 0)
        self.ftest('acosh(2)', math.acosh(2), 1.3169578969248168)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, -1)
        self.assertEqual(math.acosh(INF), INF)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, NINF)
        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.acosh(NAN)))
test_socket.py 文件源码 项目:ouroboros 作者: pybee 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 23 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def check_sendall_interrupted(self, with_timeout):
        # socketpair() is not stricly required, but it makes things easier.
        if not hasattr(signal, 'alarm') or not hasattr(socket, 'socketpair'):
            self.skipTest("signal.alarm and socket.socketpair required for this test")
        # Our signal handlers clobber the C errno by calling a math function
        # with an invalid domain value.
        def ok_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        def raising_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
            1 // 0
        c, s = socket.socketpair()
        old_alarm = signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, raising_handler)
        try:
            if with_timeout:
                # Just above the one second minimum for signal.alarm
                c.settimeout(1.5)
            with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
                signal.alarm(1)
                c.sendall(b"x" * support.SOCK_MAX_SIZE)
            if with_timeout:
                signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, ok_handler)
                signal.alarm(1)
                self.assertRaises(socket.timeout, c.sendall,
                                  b"x" * support.SOCK_MAX_SIZE)
        finally:
            signal.alarm(0)
            signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, old_alarm)
            c.close()
            s.close()
test_math.py 文件源码 项目:ouroboros 作者: pybee 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 20 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def testAcosh(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.acosh)
        self.ftest('acosh(1)', math.acosh(1), 0)
        self.ftest('acosh(2)', math.acosh(2), 1.3169578969248168)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, -1)
        self.assertEqual(math.acosh(INF), INF)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, NINF)
        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.acosh(NAN)))
test_socket.py 文件源码 项目:ndk-python 作者: gittor 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 19 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def check_sendall_interrupted(self, with_timeout):
        # socketpair() is not stricly required, but it makes things easier.
        if not hasattr(signal, 'alarm') or not hasattr(socket, 'socketpair'):
            self.skipTest("signal.alarm and socket.socketpair required for this test")
        # Our signal handlers clobber the C errno by calling a math function
        # with an invalid domain value.
        def ok_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        def raising_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
            1 // 0
        c, s = socket.socketpair()
        old_alarm = signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, raising_handler)
        try:
            if with_timeout:
                # Just above the one second minimum for signal.alarm
                c.settimeout(1.5)
            with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
                signal.alarm(1)
                c.sendall(b"x" * (1024**2))
            if with_timeout:
                signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, ok_handler)
                signal.alarm(1)
                self.assertRaises(socket.timeout, c.sendall, b"x" * (1024**2))
        finally:
            signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, old_alarm)
            c.close()
            s.close()
test_math.py 文件源码 项目:ndk-python 作者: gittor 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 20 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def testAcosh(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.acosh)
        self.ftest('acosh(1)', math.acosh(1), 0)
        self.ftest('acosh(2)', math.acosh(2), 1.3169578969248168)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, -1)
        self.assertEqual(math.acosh(INF), INF)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, NINF)
        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.acosh(NAN)))
test_socket.py 文件源码 项目:kbe_server 作者: xiaohaoppy 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 21 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def check_sendall_interrupted(self, with_timeout):
        # socketpair() is not stricly required, but it makes things easier.
        if not hasattr(signal, 'alarm') or not hasattr(socket, 'socketpair'):
            self.skipTest("signal.alarm and socket.socketpair required for this test")
        # Our signal handlers clobber the C errno by calling a math function
        # with an invalid domain value.
        def ok_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        def raising_handler(*args):
            self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
            1 // 0
        c, s = socket.socketpair()
        old_alarm = signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, raising_handler)
        try:
            if with_timeout:
                # Just above the one second minimum for signal.alarm
                c.settimeout(1.5)
            with self.assertRaises(ZeroDivisionError):
                signal.alarm(1)
                c.sendall(b"x" * support.SOCK_MAX_SIZE)
            if with_timeout:
                signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, ok_handler)
                signal.alarm(1)
                self.assertRaises(socket.timeout, c.sendall,
                                  b"x" * support.SOCK_MAX_SIZE)
        finally:
            signal.alarm(0)
            signal.signal(signal.SIGALRM, old_alarm)
            c.close()
            s.close()
test_math.py 文件源码 项目:kbe_server 作者: xiaohaoppy 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 23 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def testAcosh(self):
        self.assertRaises(TypeError, math.acosh)
        self.ftest('acosh(1)', math.acosh(1), 0)
        self.ftest('acosh(2)', math.acosh(2), 1.3169578969248168)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, 0)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, -1)
        self.assertEqual(math.acosh(INF), INF)
        self.assertRaises(ValueError, math.acosh, NINF)
        self.assertTrue(math.isnan(math.acosh(NAN)))
test_libstandard.py 文件源码 项目:femtocode 作者: diana-hep 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 20 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def test_acosh(self):
        self.assertEqual(session.source("Test", x=real(3.14, 6.5)).type("acosh(x)"), real(math.acosh(3.14), math.acosh(6.5)))
        self.assertEqual(session.source("Test", x=real(almost(1), 6.5)).type("acosh(x)"), real(almost(0), math.acosh(6.5)))
        self.assertEqual(session.source("Test", x=real(1, 6.5)).type("acosh(x)"), real(0, math.acosh(6.5)))
        self.assertRaises(FemtocodeError, lambda: session.source("Test", x=real(0, 6.5)).type("acosh(x)"))
        self.assertRaises(FemtocodeError, lambda: session.source("Test", x=real(0, 0.5)).type("acosh(x)"))
        self.assertRaises(FemtocodeError, lambda: session.source("Test", x=real(0, almost(0.5))).type("acosh(x)"))
        for entry in numerical.toPython(ylim = "ylim", a = "acosh(ylim + 1)").submit():
            self.assertEqual(entry.a, math.acosh(entry.ylim + 1))
expr.py 文件源码 项目:pyomo 作者: Pyomo 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 21 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def acosh(arg):
    return generate_intrinsic_function_expression(arg, 'acosh', math.acosh)
bgelogic.py 文件源码 项目:bge-logic-nodes-add-on 作者: thepgi 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 20 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def __init__(self):
        ParameterCell.__init__(self)
        self.a = None
        self.b = None
        self.c = None
        self.d = None
        self.formula = ""
        self._previous_values = [None, None, None, None]
        self._formula_globals = globals();
        self._formula_locals = {
            "exp":math.exp,
            "pow":math.pow,
            "log":math.log,
            "log10":math.log10,
            "acos":math.acos,
            "asin":math.asin,
            "atan":math.atan,
            "atan2":math.atan2,
            "cos":math.cos,
            "hypot":math.hypot,
            "sin":math.sin,
            "tan":math.tan,
            "degrees":math.degrees,
            "radians":math.radians,
            "acosh":math.acosh,
            "asinh":math.asinh,
            "atanh":math.atanh,
            "cosh":math.cosh,
            "sinh":math.sinh,
            "tanh":math.tanh,
            "pi":math.pi,
            "e":math.e,
            "ceil":math.ceil,
            "sign":ParameterMathFun.signum,
            "abs":math.fabs,
            "floor":math.floor,
            "mod":math.fmod,
            "sqrt":math.sqrt,
            "curt":ParameterMathFun.curt,
            "str":str,
            "int":int,
            "float":float
        }
test_sparse_array.py 文件源码 项目:SparseArray 作者: INGEOTEC 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 20 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def test_one():
    from math import sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan
    from math import sinh, cosh, tanh, asinh, acosh, atanh
    from math import exp, expm1, log, log10, log1p, sqrt, lgamma
    from math import fabs, ceil, floor, trunc, erf, erfc
    try:
        from math import log2
    except ImportError:
        def log2(x):
            return log(x) / log(2)

    def wrapper(f, v):
        try:
            return f(v)
        except ValueError:
            if f == sqrt:
                return float('nan')
            if v >= 0:
                return float('inf')
            else:
                return -float('inf')

    def compare(a, b):
        if isfinite(a) and isfinite(b):
            return assert_almost_equals(a, b)
        return str(a) == str(b)

    for f in [sin, cos, tan, asin, acos, atan,
              sinh, cosh, tanh, asinh, acosh, atanh,
              exp, expm1, log, log2, log10, log1p, sqrt,
              lgamma,
              fabs, ceil, floor, trunc,
              erf, erfc]:
        for p in [0.5, 1]:
            a = random_lst(p=p)
            b = SparseArray.fromlist(a)
            c = getattr(b, f.__name__)()
            res = [wrapper(f, x) for x in a]
            index = [k for k, v in enumerate(res) if v != 0]
            res = [x for x in res if x != 0]
            print(f, p, c.non_zero, len(res))
            assert c.non_zero == len(res)
            [assert_almost_equals(v, w) for v, w in zip(index,
                                                        c.index)]
            [compare(v, w) for v, w in zip(res,
                                           c.data)]
geometry.py 文件源码 项目:fluids 作者: CalebBell 项目源码 文件源码 阅读 26 收藏 0 点赞 0 评论 0
def V_horiz_conical(D, L, a, h, headonly=False):
    r'''Calculates volume of a tank with conical ends, according to [1]_.

    .. math::
        V_f = A_fL + \frac{2aR^2}{3}K, \;\;0 \le h < R\\

        V_f = A_fL + \frac{2aR^2}{3}\pi/2,\;\; h = R\\

        V_f = A_fL + \frac{2aR^2}{3}(\pi-K), \;\; R< h \le 2R

        K = \cos^{-1} M + M^3\cosh^{-1} \frac{1}{M} - 2M\sqrt{1 - M^2}

        M = \left|\frac{R-h}{R}\right|

        Af = R^2\cos^{-1}\frac{R-h}{R} - (R-h)\sqrt{2Rh - h^2}

    Parameters
    ----------
    D : float
        Diameter of the main cylindrical section, [m]
    L : float
        Length of the main cylindrical section, [m]
    a : float
        Distance the cone head extends on one side, [m]
    h : float
        Height, as measured up to where the fluid ends, [m]
    headonly : bool, optional
        Function returns only the volume of a single head side if True

    Returns
    -------
    V : float
        Volume [m^3]

    Examples
    --------
    Matching example from [1]_, with inputs in inches and volume in gallons.

    >>> V_horiz_conical(D=108., L=156., a=42., h=36)/231
    2041.1923581273443

    References
    ----------
    .. [1] Jones, D. "Calculating Tank Volume." Text. Accessed December 22, 2015.
       http://www.webcalc.com.br/blog/Tank_Volume.PDF'''
    R = D/2.
    Af = R*R*acos((R-h)/R) - (R-h)*(2*R*h - h*h)**0.5
    M = abs((R-h)/R)
    if h == R:
        Vf = a*R*R/3.*pi
    else:
        K = acos(M) + M*M*M*acosh(1./M) - 2.*M*(1.-M*M)**0.5
        if 0. <= h < R:
            Vf = 2.*a*R*R/3*K
        elif R < h <= 2*R:
            Vf = 2.*a*R*R/3*(pi - K)
    if headonly:
        Vf = 0.5*Vf
    else:
        Vf += Af*L
    return Vf


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