def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
"""Return a deep copy of a set; used by copy module."""
# This pre-creates the result and inserts it in the memo
# early, in case the deep copy recurses into another reference
# to this same set. A set can't be an element of itself, but
# it can certainly contain an object that has a reference to
# itself.
from copy import deepcopy
result = self.__class__()
memo[id(self)] = result
data = result._data
value = True
for elt in self:
data[deepcopy(elt, memo)] = value
return result
# Standard set operations: union, intersection, both differences.
# Each has an operator version (e.g. __or__, invoked with |) and a
# method version (e.g. union).
# Subtle: Each pair requires distinct code so that the outcome is
# correct when the type of other isn't suitable. For example, if
# we did "union = __or__" instead, then Set().union(3) would return
# NotImplemented instead of raising TypeError (albeit that *why* it
# raises TypeError as-is is also a bit subtle).
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